Wheat male-sterility gene WMS and its anther-specific expression promoter and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a novel gene WMS conferring wheat male sterility, its anther-specific expression promoter, and uses of the same. In wheat, a well-known gene Ms2 causing dominant male sterility has been widely applied in recurrent selection in China. A RNA-seq approach was performed to reveal the anther-specific transcriptome in a pair of Ms2 isogenic lines, ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘Lumai 15+Ms2’. As a result, a WMS gene was identified showing anther-specific expression at the early stage of meiosis and only in wheat carrying the Ms2 gene. The regulation of WMS could alter plant male fertility. The promoter of WMS was found to comprise anther-specific activity. Thus, the present invention might be used to achieve anther-specific gene expression, to develop male sterility in various plant species, to establish recurrent selection in various plant species, and to assist hybrid seed production.

RELATED APPLICATION

This application claims priority from Chinese Application No. 201510303817.0, filed Jun. 4, 2015, the subject matter of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to one Wheat Male Sterility (WMS) gene, its anther-specific gene promoter, and uses of the same.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The plant male sterility can be used to facilitate crossing for selective breeding and hybrid seed production (Rao et al., 1990; Kempken and Pring, 1999; Mackenzie, 2012). In many crop species, large numbers of male sterile strains have been discovered and preserved as valuable genetic resources, and there are numerous attempts to produce male sterile strains, especially in major cereal crops such as maize and rice.

The Pioneer Hi-Bred International develops the Seed Production Technology (SPT) (Waltz, 2012). In maize, the SPT technology integrates the use of the dominant Ms45 gene for male fertility, the recessive ms45 gene for male sterility, and the DsRed2 gene as a visual selection marker. The Ms45 gene is regulated by an anther-specific promoter. The maize maintainer line DP-32138-1 (ms45/ms45, Ms45-DsRed2/_) serves as a pollen donor to produce non-transgenic male-sterile maize lines (ms45/ms45), which are used as the female inbred parent to generate hybrid seeds. There are other studies on maize male sterility; mutagenesis of the cytochrome P450-like gene (Ms26) leads to the male sterilely in maize (Djukanovic et al., 2013). On the other hand, an anther-specific expression of target genes is crucial to create male sterility free from other unintended penalty. Luo et al. (2006) discovered a tapetum-specific gene RTS by differential screening of rice cDNA libraries (Luo et al., 2006). The RTS gene displays predominant expression in tapetum during meiosis and the expression disappears before anthesis. Liu et al. (2013) identified a rice anther-specific lipid transfer protein (OsLTP6) gene through high through-put expressional profiling (Liu et al., 2013). In general, anther specific expression of male fertility/sterility genes is important for introducing critical lines for hybrid seed production.

Genome editing allows specific modification of target genes in mammalian and other eukaryotic organisms (Cheng and Alper, 2014). More recently, the transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 are proved to be functional in wheat (Wang et al., 2014) and barley (Wendt et al., 2013; Gurushidze et al., 2014). Therefore, genome editing can be used to introduce target-specific modification in cereal crops, which may be used to generate valued-added products.

Taigu genic male sterile wheat (henceforth referred to as ‘Taigu’) is a male-sterile hexaploid wheat mutant discovered in China (Yang et al., 2009). A single dominant gene Ms2 determines male sterility in ‘Taigu’. When ‘Taigu’ wheat is crossed with male-fertile hexaploid wheat, their F₁ plants segregate on the male fertility/sterility: half male-fertile plants and half male-sterile plants (Deng and Gao, 1982). Phenotypic (dwarfing conferred by Rht-D1c) and molecular makers have been developed for the Ms2 locus (Liu and Deng, 1986; Cao et al., 2009). Since 1983, the ‘Taigu’ wheat has been used as a tool for recurrent selection in China. Up to date, hundreds of Chinese wheat lines have been developed to carry the Ms2 gene or the tightly linked Rht-D1c/Ms2 locus (henceforth referred to as RMs2), collectively designated ‘Taigu wheat’. By 2010, forty-two wheat cultivars with improved disease resistance, salt and drought tolerance, or yield performance have been released via the RMs2-based recurrent selection. In order to manipulate the Ms2 gene for a better production system, we aimed to clone the Ms2 gene using transcriptome analysis.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a novel Wheat Male Sterility (WMS) gene, its gene promoter, and uses of the same.

The present invention utilized RNA-seq to characterize the anther transcriptome of ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘Lumai 15+Ms2’ (henceforth LM15_(Ms2)) at the early meiosis stage. As a result, one WMS gene was identified, which displayed an anther-specific expression at the early stage of meiosis and only in wheat carrying a dominant Ms2 gene. The WMS gene was suggested to be involved in male sterility in wheat, and the manipulation of WMS gene in plants might alter plant fertility. In addition, the WMS promoter was thought to comprise anther-specific activity, which is important to achieve anther-specific gene expression. Thus, the present invention can be said to be highly valuable when used as a tool to achieve anther-specific gene expression, to develop male sterility in various plant species, to establish recurrent selection in various plant species, and to assist seed production. Specifically, the present invention relates to the following:

[1] an isolated DNA of any one of the following (a) to (e): (a) a cDNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; (c) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; (d) a DNA encoding a protein which is (i) functionally equivalent to a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and (ii) comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, wherein one or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, and/or inserted; and (e) a DNA that (i) encodes a protein which is functionally equivalent to the protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, and (ii) hybridizes under stringent conditions to the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6;

[2] a DNA encoding an antisense RNA that is complementary to the transcription product of the DNA of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6;

[3] a DNA encoding an RNA that comprises ribozyme activity that specifically cleaves the transcription product of the DNA of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6;

[4] a DNA encoding an RNA that down-regulates expression of the DNA of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6 by the co-suppression effect when expressed in plant cells;

[5] a DNA encoding a RNA that comprises a characteristic that is dominant-negative for an endogenous transcripts in plant cells encoded by the DNA of [1]; or a DNA encoding a protein that comprises a characteristic that is dominant-negative for an endogenous protein in plant cells encoded by the DNA of [1];

[6] a vector comprising a DNA of any one of [1] to [5];

[7] a transformed plant cell to which a DNA of any one of [1] to [5] or the vector of [6] is introduced;

[8] a transformed plant comprising the transformed plant cells of [7];

[9] a transformed plant clone or offspring of the transformed plants of [8], once the clone or offspring containing the transformed plant cells of [7];

[10] a seed, tissue and organ from the transformed plants of [8] or [9], once they contain the transformed plant cells of [7];

[11] a DNA of any one of the following (a) to (c) that comprises anther-specific promoter activity: (a) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; (b) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, wherein one or more nucleotides are substituted, deleted, added, and/or inserted; and (c) a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5;

[12] a vector comprising the DNA of [11];

[13] a transformed plant cell comprising the DNA of [11] or [12];

[14] a transformed plant comprising the transformed plant cells of [13];

[15] a transformed plant clone or offspring of the transformed plants of [14], once the clone or offspring containing the transformed plant cells of [13];

[16] a seed, tissue and organ from the transformed plants of [14] or [15], once they contain the transformed plant cells of [13];

[17] a genetically modified plant cell generated by genome editing and/or induced mutagenesis on DNAs comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 4, once these modifications regulate plant male fertility;

[18] a genetically modified plant comprising the genetically modified plant cells of [17];

[19] a plant clone or offspring of the genetically modified plants of [18], once the clone or offspring containing the modified plant cells of [17]; and

[20] a seed, tissue and organ from the genetically modified plants of [18] or [19], once they contain the modified plant cells of [17].

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts genotyping by the WMS-EM and WMS-PM markers. Top panels represented genotyping by the WMS-EM marker, lower panels of genotyping by the WMS-PM marker; left panels were genotypes of common wheat (parental lines) and BAC clones, right panels of genotypes of F₁ individuals from the ‘LM15_(Ms2)’/‘Lumai 15’ combination. In F₁ plants, six representative plans were displayed, including three male-sterile plants (S1, S2 and S3) and three male-fertile plants (F1, F2 and F3). Arrows indicated the specific bands that segregated with the male sterility trait.

FIG. 2 depicts BAC clones carrying the WMS/wms gene. P89 and P1076 were derived from the 4D chromosome carrying a recessive wms gene; P204 and P1593 were derived from the 4D chromosome carrying a dominant WMS gene. The region with gray shading represents the full expression matrix of WMS gene (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4) in the present invention. The insert size of each BAC clone is in scale.

FIG. 3 depicts the anther-specific expression of the WMS gene. A) RT-PCR was performed to detect the WMS cDNA in anther, glume, leaf, lemma, palea, pistil, root, and stem. B) qRT-PCR was performed to measure the cDNA levels of WMS in anther, GLP (glume, lemma, and palea), leaf, pistil, and stem. Actin was included as controls in both RT-PCR and qRT-PCR analyses.

FIG. 4 confirms the anther-specific activity of the WMS promoter. A) Plasmids were prepared to study the promoter activity; PC613 was a destination vector carrying the gateway compatible GFP cassette; PC966 carried the P_(WMS)::GFP expression cassette where the P_(WMS) represented the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5); PC976 carried a genomic copy of the WMS gene (SEQ ID NO: 7); all three vectors had the same plasmid backbone of pCAMBIA1300. B) Transient expression of GFP fluorescence in wheat anthers; arrows indicated the green fluorescence signals. C) RT-PCR was performed to detect the WMS cDNA in anther, glume, leaf, lemma, palea, pistil and stem in wheat transgenic plant ‘JZ7-2’ (Table 3), which was derived from genetic transformation with PC976; there were also two controls including Anther 1 from ‘Lumai 15’ and Anther 2 from ‘Lumai 15_(Ms2)’. Bar=100 μm.

FIG. 5 shows the TILLING screening and fertile anthers of M₁ plants carrying induced mutations in the dominant WMS gene. A) The presence of a dominant WMS gene was confirmed by PCR analysis using WMS-FP12 and WMS-RP12 (top panel); TILLING detection of the WMS mutation using primers WMS-FP8 and WMS-RP8 in selected M₁ plants (S: sterile tiller; F: fertile tiller; arrows indicated the Cell digested band; lower panel). B) Development of fertile anthers in selected M₁ mutants of the WMS gene. ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘Lumai 15_(Ms2)’ were included as controls. Bar=1.5 mm.

FIG. 6 shows genetic complementation of the dominant WMS gene in ‘Bobwhite’. A) PCR analysis confirmed genomic intergration (BAR and WMS) and cDNA expression (WMS and Actin) in the T₀ generation. B) BAR-based bioassay for herbicide resistance (top panel; Bar=2.5 mm); the expression of WMS cDNA caused a male-sterile phenotype in transgenic T₀ plants (lower panel; Bar=1.5 mm). ‘Bobwhite’ acted as the wild type control.

FIG. 7 shows genetic complementation of the dominant WMS gene in Brachypodium ‘Bd21-3’. A) PCR analysis confirmed genomic intergration (BAR and WMS) and cDNA expression (WMS and Actin) in the T₀ generation. B) BAR-based bioassay for herbicide resistance (top panel; Bar=2.5 mm); the expression of WMS cDNA caused a male-sterile phenotype in transgenic T₀ plants (lower panel; Bar=0.5 mm). The Brachypodium ‘Bd21-3’ was included as the wild type control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides DNAs encoding the WMS protein. The nucleotide sequence of the WMS cDNA in ‘Taigu wheat’ is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the WMS cDNA is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, the full-length nucleotide sequence including promoter, transcriptable fragment, and terminator of the WMS gene in ‘Taigu wheat’ is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, the nucleotide sequence of the WMS promoter in ‘Taigu wheat’ is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 5, and the nucleotide sequence of the transcriptable fragment of the WMS gene in ‘Taigu wheat’ is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6.

The present invention comprises cDNA and genomic DNA that encode the WMS protein. One skilled in the art can prepare the cDNA and genomic DNA using conventional methods. cDNA can be prepared by: for example, a) extracting mRNA from ‘Taigu wheat’ (e.g., ‘LM15_(Ms2)’); b) synthesizing cDNA using the mRNA as template; c) amplifying the WMS cDNA using PCR primers specific to the cDNA of the present invention (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 1); d) cloning the PCR product into vectors. Equally, genomic DNA can be prepared by extracting it from ‘Taigu wheat’, constructing a genomic library (where BAC, cosmid, fosmid, and such can be used as a vector), and then screening positive clones using DNA fragments of the present invention (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4). The genomic DNA can also be prepared by PCR-based cloning on DNAs of the present invention (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4).

The present invention includes DNAs that encode proteins functionally equivalent to the WMS protein from Taigu wheat (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2). Herein, “proteins functionally equivalent to the WMS protein from Taigu wheat” means target proteins that comprise a biological or biochemical function equivalent to the WMS protein of the present invention (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 2). Examples include the induction of plant sterility. To evaluate whether a test gene can induce male sterility, ‘Taigu wheat’ can be mutagenized via the EMS-induced mutagenesis as demonstrated in Example 7, and the knockout and knockdown mutants of the test gene can be identified by TILLING as demonstrated in Example 8. The test gene induced male sterility can be validated using genetic complementation in the male-fertile wheat ‘Bobwhite’. For example, the genomic allele of WMS (SEQ ID NO: 7) can be introduced into ‘Bobwhite’ using biolistics bombardment as demonstrated in Example 9. In addition, it is feasible to the introduce the genomic allele of WMS (SEQ ID NO: 7) into the model plant Brachypodium using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation as demonstrated in Example 10. The resulting plant phenotypes can be analyzed.

Other example of such a function is the anther-specific expression, which is characterized by predominant expression in the anther that is at least five times or more, preferably ten times or more, and more preferably 15 times or more than its expression in other tissues listed in Example 5. To evaluate whether a test gene is specifically transcripted in a plant's anther, mRNAs can be extracted from various types of plant tissues, and cDNA will be synthesized from these mRNAs. The quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) can be used to measure the cDNA amount of the test gene in different types of plant tissues as demonstrated in Example 5.

DNAs that encode proteins functionally equivalent to the WMS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) are preferably derived from monocotyledons, more preferably from Gramineae, and most preferably from Triticeae species. Such DNA include, for example, alleles, homologues, variants, derivatives, and mutants of the current invention (SEQ ID NO: 1 or SEQ ID NO: 6), which encode a protein comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, in which one or more amino acids are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted.

Genome editing can be used to knock out target genes in plants and animals (Cheng and Alper, 2014). A number of genome editing techniques involving the zinc-finger nuclease (ZFNs), the transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN)) and the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) have been successfully used to in wheat (Shan et al., 2014; Wang et al., 2014) and barley (Wendt et al., 2013; Gurushidze et al., 2014). Genome editing normally leads to single or multiple base deletion or insertion in the target region of interested, and those occurred among the coding exons may cause amino acid change or protein truncation (Wang et al., 2014). So long as a DNA derived from genome editing encodes a protein functionally equivalent to a natural WMS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2), that DNA can be included as a DNA of the present invention, even if the introduced WMS protein includes one or more amino acid substitutions, deletions, additions, or insertions. The DNAs of the present invention also include conservative mutants in which nucleotides are mutated without resulting in mutation of the protein amino acid sequence (conservative mutations).

For those skilled in the art, it is feasible to modify the WMS gene and its homologues of the current invention (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) using genome editing. In addition, it is feasible to introduce the target mutation via induced mutagenesis or by natural germplasms screening. For example, Slade et al. (2005) developed wheat EMS-induced mutant population and then successfully identified target mutations using the method of targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) (Slade et al., 2005). In addition, the germplasms pool evolves with large amount of spontaneous mutations, it is feasible to identify target mutation in germplasms collection using Ecotilling (Till et al., 2006). For those skilled in the art, it is easy to develop plant mutant populations and then identify mutations in the DNA (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) of the current invention. At the same time, it is easy to identify the spontaneous mutations of the DNA (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) of the current invention in germplasms pool or breeding lines/cultivars. Therefore, the current invention also covers: (a) using genome editing, induced-mutagenesis, and natural screening to generate plant cells that mutation(s) on the DNA (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) of the current invention; (b) a plant carrying the type of plant cells of (a); (c) a plant clone or offspring of the type of plants of (b), once they contain the type of plant cells of (a); (d) a seed, tissue and organ from clone or offspring in (b) and (c), once they contain the type of cell in (a).

Other methods for preparing DNAs that encode proteins functionally equivalent to the WMS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2) include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (Saiki et al., 1985; Hemsley et al., 1989; Landt et al., 1990), recombinant DNA technology, and artificial gene synthesis (Kosuri and Church, 2014), which are well known to those skilled in the art. Namely, it is routine experimentation for one skilled in the art to isolate DNAs highly homologous to the WMS gene from wheat or other plants by using PCR primers that specifically hybridize to a nucleotide sequence of the WMS gene (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6), or by using a fragment of the WMS gene (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) as a problem to screen DNA and cDNA libraries. DNAs, which are isolated using PCR technology, recombinant DNA technology, artificial gene synthesis, and such, and which encode proteins functionally equivalent to the WMS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2), are also included in the DNAs of the present invention. At the amino acid level, DNAs thus isolated are thought to be highly homologous to the amino acid sequence of the WMS protein (SEQ ID NO: 2). High homology means sequence identity, over the entire amino acid sequence, of at least 50% or more, preferably 70% or more, and more preferably 90% or more (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, and 99% or more).

Amino acid and nucleotide sequence identity can be determined using the BLAST algorithm (Altschul et al., 1990; Karlin and Altschul, 1993). Based on this algorithm, programs called BLASTN, BLASTP, BLASTX, TBLASTN, and TBLASTX were introduced (Korf et al., 2003). BLASTN searches a nucleotide database using a nucleotide query; BLASTP searches protein database using a protein query; BLASTX searches protein database using a translated nucleotide query; TBLASTN searches translated nucleotide database using a protein query; TBLASTX searches translated nucleotide database using a translated nucleotide query. The fundamental steps of these analysis methods are publicly available (http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi).

Screening of the genomic DNA or cDNA libraries may utilize the Southern blotting technology (Southern, 1975). Southern blotting involves two major steps. The first step is to attach DNA fragments to nitrocellulose or nylon membrane, and the second step is to perform hybridization between labeled proble DNA and the DNA fragment attached to the membrane. During washing, it is necessary to adjust washing stringency by controlling temperature, salt content, and time. The stringency increases along with the reduction of salt content in the SCC buffer (20×, 10×, 6×, 2×, 1×, 0.5×, 0.2×, 0.1×), the increase of temperature (42° C., 50° C., 55° C., 60° C., 65° C., 70° C., 75° C.) and the increase of washing time (1 min, 2 min, 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 30 min). In the current invention, ‘high stringency’ indicates a washing step will be performed in diluted SCC buffer (≤1×), under high temperature (≥55° C.) and for extended duration (≥10 min).

For application, the DNAs (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) that encode the WMS protein of the present invention are also thought to be useful in granting sterility to male fertile plants. In other words, it is thought sterility can be granted to male fertile plants by inserting a DNA (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) encoding the WMS protein of the present invention into a suitable vector, introducing this vector into plant cells that are capable to form male-fertile plants, regenerating the resulting recombinant plant cells, and then reproducing the transgenic plants that comprise the characteristic of male sterility. Since male-sterile plants cannot self-pollinate, it is necessary to maintain them using pollens from other male-fertile plants. On the other hand, the DNAs (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) that encode the WMS protein of the present invention are also thought to be useful in granting fertility to male-sterile plants conferred by the WMS gene. In other words, it is thought fertility can be granted to male-sterile plants by inserting the antisense RNA (asRNA) and/or the hairpin RNA (hpRNA) of the DNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) encoding the WMS protein of the present invention into a suitable vector, introducing this vector into plant cells that are capable to form male-sterile plants, and then regenerating the resulting recombinant plant cells. Since male-sterile varieties cannot self-pollinate, attempting to maintain them is difficult, even when those varieties comprise desirable traits. However, if fertility can be recovered using the antisense gene and/or the hairpin RNA of the DNA (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) that encodes the WMS protein, self-pollination becomes possible, as does the maintenance of desirable traits.

The antisense nucleic acids regulate target gene expression via transcriptional interference, RNA masking, double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent mechanisms and chromatin remodeling (Lapidot and Pilpel, 2006). The antisense sequences used in the present invention can inhibit the expression of a target gene by any of the above actions. As one embodiment, an antisense sequence designed to be complementary to an untranslated region close to the 5′ end of the mRNA of a gene will be effective in inhibiting translation of that gene. However, a sequence complementary to a coding region, or to a 3′-end untranslated region can also be used. In this way, DNAs comprising antisense sequences of a gene's translated regions as well as untranslated regions are included in the antisense DNAs that can be used for the DNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) of the present invention. An antisense DNA to be used herein is ligated downstream of an appropriate promoter such as the maize ubiquitin (Ubi) promoter (Christensen et al., 1992) or the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5), and a sequence comprising a transcription termination signal is preferably ligated to the 3′ end of the DNA. DNAs thus prepared can be introduced into a desired plant using known methods. Antisense DNA sequences are preferably sequences complementary to an endogenous gene, or a part thereof of the plant to be transformed, but need not be perfectly complementary as long as they can effectively inhibit gene expression. The transcribed RNA is preferably 90% or more, and more preferably 95% or more (for example, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more) complementary to the transcribed products of the target gene. In order to effectively inhibit target gene expression using an antisense sequence, an antisense DNA should comprise at least 15 nucleotides or more, preferably 100 nucleotides or more, and even more preferably 500 nucleotides or more. Antisense DNAs to be used are generally less than 5 kb, and preferably less than 2.5 kb long.

Suppression of endogenous gene expression can also be carried out using of the DNA that encodes the target gene (Hammond et al., 2001; Paddison et al., 2002). To express the hpRNA in plant cells, a DNA matrix designed to form hairpin RNA or drive RNA interference (RNAi) can be linked to a promoter sequence such as the Ubi promoter and a transcription termination sequence. By using hpRNA or RNAi technology, the transcription products of the target genes of the present invention can be specifically down-regulated, and the gene expression can be suppressed.

Suppression of endogenous gene expression may also be achieved by co-suppression resulting from transformation with a DNA comprising a sequence identical or similar to a target gene sequence (Smyth, 1997; Ketting and Plasterk, 2000). The term “co-suppression” refers to the phenomenon of suppression of expression of both the introduced exogenous gene and the target endogenous gene when a gene comprising a sequence identical or similar to that of the target endogenous gene is introduced into plants by transformation. For example, to obtain a plant in which the WMS gene is co-suppressed, plants of interest are transformed with a vector DNA constructed to express the WMS gene (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6), or a DNA comprising a similar sequence, and plants with suppressed male sterility compared to wild type plants are selected from the plants thus obtained. Genes to be used for co-suppression do not have to be completely identical to the target gene, however should comprise sequence identity of at least 70% or more, preferably 80% or more, more preferably 90% or more (for example, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, or more). Sequence identity may be determined using an above-described method.

In addition, suppression of endogenous gene expression in the present invention can also be achieved by transforming a plant with a gene comprising characteristics that are dominant-negative to the target gene. A gene comprising dominant-negative characteristics is a gene that, when expressed, comprises the function of eliminating or reducing the activity of an original endogenous gene of the plant. In Brachypodium, microRNA (miRNA) miR5200 cleaves the mRNA of the flowering time gene FT, and the overexpression of miR5200 delays flowering time in Brachypodium (Wu et al., 2013). Some miRNA or small interfering RNA (siRNA) may target to WMS and its homologues. It is also possible to design artificial microRNA (amiRNA) that targets to WMS and its homologues. Collectively, it is possible to manipulate the production of effective amiRNA, miRNA, and siRNA to regulate the mRNA accumulation of WMS and its homologues in order to control plant male fertility.

Vectors that can be used in plant cell transformation are not particularly limited as long as they can express the inserted gene in plant cells. For example, vectors that comprise promoters for expressing genes in specific plant tissues (e.g., the promoter of the present invention as SEQ ID NO: 5) and promoters for constitutively expressing genes in plant cells (e.g., the Ubi promoter) can be used. In addition, vectors comprising a promoter which is activated upon induction by an external stimulus can also be used. Herein, “plant cells” comprise various forms of plant cells, for example, suspension culture cells, protoplasts, plant sections, and calli, of various plant species.

A vector can be introduced to a plant cell using various methods known to those skilled in the art, such as polyethylene glycol methods, electroporation methods, Agrobacterium-mediated methods, and particle bombardment methods. Regeneration of plants from transformed plant cells is also possible using methods known to those skilled in the art, according to the type of plant cells. In plants, for example, many techniques for producing recombinant plants are already established, and are widely used in the field of the present invention. These methods include the method for introducing genes into protoplasts using polyethylene glycol and then regenerating plants, the method for introducing genes into protoplasts using electric pulse and then regenerating plants, the method for directly introducing genes into cells using particle bombardment method and then regenerating plants, and the method for introducing genes via an Agrobacterium and then regenerating plants. These methods can be appropriately used in the present invention.

Once transformant plants, into which the genome of a DNA of the present invention has been inserted, are obtained, it is possible to obtain offspring from these plants by sexual or asexual reproduction. From these plants, their offspring, or their clones, reproductive materials can be obtained (seeds, calli, protoplasts, etc). Using these materials, these plants can be mass-produced. The present invention comprises plant cells introduced with DNAs covered by the present invention, plants comprising those cells, the offspring or clones of those plants, and the reproductive materials of those plants, their offspring, and their clones. Therefore, the current invention covers: (a) transgenic plant cells carrying DNA of the current invention; (b) a plant carrying the type of plant cells of (a); (c) a plant clone or offspring of the type of plants of (b), once they contain the type of plant cells of (a); (d) a seed, tissue and organ from clone or offspring in (b) and (c), once they contain the type of cell in (a).

The fertility/sterility of plants produced in this way can be expected to differ from that of wild type plants. For example, wheat ‘Bobwhite’ is male fertile, but the expression of the DNA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4) confers male sterility to transgenic Bobwhite. On the other hand, once the expression of DNA (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 4) in Taigu wheat has been suppressed, by the introduction of antisense DNA or the like, are thought to be invested with male fertility. In plants, the methods of the present invention can be used to regulate fertility/sterility so as to suppress self-pollination and force cross-pollination, thereby granting the valuable characteristic of hybrid vigor.

The present invention presents DNA comprising anther-specific promoter activity. An example of this kind of DNA is a genomic DNA (SEQ ID NO: 4) upstream of the start codon in the DNA (SEQ ID NO: 5) encoding the WMS protein in the current invention. The promoter DNAs of the present invention include DNAs highly homologous to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, so long as they comprise anther-specific promoter activity. An example of these types of DNA is a DNA with anther-specific promotor activity, comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5, where one or more nucleotides are substituted, deleted, added, or inserted. The DNA promoters of the present invention are preferably derived from monocotyledons, more preferably derived from Gramineae, and most preferably derived from Triticeae species. However, so long as they comprise anther-specific promoter function, their derivation is not particularly limited.

The above WMS protein-coding DNAs of the present invention can be used for isolating DNAs comprising anther-specific promoter activity. For example, genomic DNAs upstream of a DNA encoding the WMS protein of the present invention can be acquired by using a DNA (SEQ ID NO: 6) of the present invention, or a part of it, as a probe to screen a genomic DNA library. Since these upstream genomic DNAs are thought to comprise anther-specific promoter activity, they have high industrial value when used to specifically express arbitrary genes in the anther. “An arbitrary gene” means a DNA whose transcription can be induced by a DNA promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) of the present invention. “An arbitrary gene” can be any coding and no-coding DNA fragments, of which the non-coding DNAs may comprise ribozyme activity, or may be used to generate amiRNA, asRNA, hpRNA, miRNA, siRNA and so on. These DNA fragment will present anther-specific expression pattern under the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5). In addition, since the DNAs that encode the WMS protein of the present invention are expressed specifically in plant anthers, they are also thought to be useful as markers to identify the anther tissue in whole floral dissections.

DNAs highly homologous to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 can also be obtained using PCR techniques (Saiki et al., 1985), recombinant DNA technology, and artificial gene synthesis (Kosuri and Church, 2014). For example, by using a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 or a part thereof as a template, and using oligonucleotides that specifically hybridizes to a DNA molecule (SEQ ID NO: 5) as PCR primers, DNAs highly homologous to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5 can be isolated from wheat and other plant species.

Methods well known to those skilled in the art can be used to prepare this kind of DNA. For example, genome editing techniques, which are well-known in the art (Cheng and Alper, 2014), can be used for introducing mutations including one or more base substitutions, deletions, additions, or insertions to DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. Mutations can also be introduced using site-directed mutagenesis, mutagen/radiation induced mutagenesis, and PCR methods (Saiki et al., 1985; Hemsley et al., 1989; Landt et al., 1990).

Known reporter assays using reporter genes or such can be used to investigate whether or not DNAs prepared as described above comprise anther-specific promoter activity. The reporter gene is not particularly limited, so long as its expression can be detected. For example, reporter genes generally used by those skilled in the art include the luciferase gene (LUC), β-glucuronidase gene (GUS), and green fluorescence gene (GFP), etc. The expression level of the reporter gene can be determined using methods known to those skilled in the art, according to the type of reporter gene. For example, the expression level of the luciferase gene as a reporter can be determined by measuring the fluorescence of a fluorescent compound, caused by the catalytic action of the luciferase gene expression product. The expression level of the GUS gene can be determined by analyzing the coloring of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-.beta.-glucuronide (X-Gluc) or the luminescence of Glucuron (ICN), caused by the catalytic action of the GUS gene expression product. The expression level of the GFP gene can be determined by measuring fluorescence due to the GFP protein.

The promoter DNAs of the present invention can be used to express an arbitrary gene in an anther-specific manner by: for example, (a) constructing a vector comprising a promoter DNA of the present invention; (b) operably linking the arbitrary gene downstream of the promoter DNA of the present invention in that vector of (a); (c) generating transgenic plant cells carrying the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) or the vector of (b); and (d) obtaining transgenic plants containing transgenic plant cells of (c). “Operably linking” means binding an arbitrary gene to a promoter DNA of the present invention such that it can be expressed in response to the activation of the promoter DNA of the present invention. Since the promoter DNA of the present invention comprise high anther-specific activity, it is preferable that the arbitrary genes are genes that can be particularly expressed in the anther. For example, the WMS of the present invention that relates to sterility/fertility of wheat can be suitably used. General genetic engineering techniques can be used to construct a vector comprising a promoter DNA of the present invention. There is no particular limitation as to the plant cells to which the vector is introduced. The above-mentioned methods, known to those skilled in the art, can be used to introduce vectors to plant cells, to regenerate transformed plant cells to plants, etc.

Therefore, the present invention covers: (a) genetically modified plant cells with the promoter DNAs covered by the present invention; (b) plants comprising the type of cells of (a); (c) the offspring or clones of the plants of (b), once they contain the type of cells of (a); (d) a seed, tissue and organ from clone or offspring in (b) and (c), once they contain the type of cell in (a).

For those skilled in the art, it is feasible to modify the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) and its homologous sequence using genome editing, introduce mutation(s) to the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) and its homologous sequence using mutagenesis, or identify the natural spontaneous mutation on the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) and its homologous sequence. Therefore, the current invention covers: (a) genetically modified plant cells with variation on the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) obtained by genome editing, mutagenesis, and natural screening; (b) plants comprising the type of cells of (a); (c) the offspring or clones of the plants of (b), once they contain the type of cells of (a); (d) a seed, tissue and organ from clone or offspring in (b) and (c), once they contain the type of cell in (a).

In summary, the current invention contains the WMS gene (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6), WMS homologues, and their promoter (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 5). Another specific expression of the WMS gene (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6) is able to grant the regular male-fertile plants with male sterility. By suppressing WMS gene expression in plants, it is possible to grant the regular male-sterile plants the characteristic of male fertility. In addition, since the WMS gene promoter is thought to comprise anther-specific activity, it is useful to express arbitrary genes in an anther-specific manner. As expected, the application of the WMS (SEQ ID NOs: 1 and 6), its homologues, and their promoters (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 5) will greatly advance plant breeding and seed industry.

Hereinbelow, the present invention will be specifically described using Examples, but it is not to be construed as being limited thereto.

EXAMPLES

The present invention was based on a pair of Ms2 isogenic wheat lines ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, which were developed by the Shandong Agricultural University. Wheat plants were maintained in a greenhouse under 16 h photoperiod (105 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹) with day temperature of 25-30° C. and night temperature of 15-20° C. Water, regular chemicals and plant hormones were from Fisher Scientific (Pittsburgh, Pa., USA) and Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, Mo., USA), plant tissue culture media from PhytoTechnology Laboratories (Overland Park, Kans., USA), microbial growth media from BD (Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, N.J., USA), and antibiotics from Gold Biotechnology (St. Louis, Mo., USA). PCR Primers of the current invention are listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 PCR primers used in the current invention Primer ID Primer sequence (5′ to 3′) Sequence ID No. WMS-RP1 AGGTTTGCTTGAGTTCCTCCCG SEQ ID NO: 8 WMS-RP2 CCTTGTGGTGATGAGCGTGAAG SEQ ID NO: 9 WMS-FP1 CGGGAGGAACTCAAGCAAACCT SEQ ID NO: 10 WMS-FP2 GAGTGGTTCACGTGCTGATTAC SEQ ID NO: 11 WMS-FP3 CAGTACCCGCAGTGGACAC SEQ ID NO: 12 WMS-RP3 TAAATCACAGGCAGGATTTGATAAAC SEQ ID NO: 13 WMS-FP4 CCGTCAGCACACTGTACTTCA SEQ ID NO: 14 WMS-RP4 CGATGTAGAGCCTCAAATCC SEQ ID NO: 15 WMS-FPS CACATGTTTGCGCTCGAAATG SEQ ID NO: 16 WMS-RPS AAGAAACGAGCCGTCCAGTA SEQ ID NO: 17 WMS-FP6 CGCAGTGGACACACGCTTAGCTT SEQ ID NO: 18 WMS-RP6 TGAGTTGGAGTTGGTCCCCATC SEQ ID NO: 19 WMS-FP7 TCTCAGAAACGAGCCCCAAGT SEQ ID NO: 20 WMS-RP7 GAACCATCCCTGGTCGATGT SEQ ID NO: 21 WMS-FP8 GGCTCTGATACCAAATGTTGTTG SEQ ID NO: 22 WMS-RP8 ATGGTGGTGTGCCCCTAAAAAG SEQ ID NO: 23 WMS-FP9 GCTTGAAACTGCTGGTATATATG SEQ ID NO: 24 WMS-RP9 GTAATCAGCACGTGAACCACTC SEQ ID NO: 25 WMS-FP10 TGTTCCTGGATTCGTGAGTGG SEQ ID NO: 26 WMS-RP10 CGATCTCCGTGTCCATGTGCTAC SEQ ID NO: 27 WMS-FP11 GCGGCCGCGGGTGAGGCTTTGCCAAGG SEQ ID NO: 28 WMS-RP11 GGCGCGCCCGATCTCCGTGTCCATGTGCT SEQ ID NO: 29 WMS-RP12 CGTAGATGCGGACCCAGGGGAT SEQ ID NO: 30 BAR-FP1 AAGCACGGTCAACTTCCGTA SEQ ID NO: 31 BAR-RP1 GAAGTCCAGCTGCCAGAAAC SEQ ID NO: 32 Actin-FP1* TCAGCCATACTGTGCCAATC SEQ ID NO: 33 Actin-RP1* CTTCATGCTGCTTGGTGC SEQ ID NO: 34 Actin-FP2 GCCATGTACGTCGCAATTCA SEQ ID NO: 35 Actin-RP2 AGTCGAGAACGATACCAGTAGTACGA SEQ ID NO: 36 Note: To facilitate gene cloning, the restriction enzyme site NotI was included in the PCR primer WMS-FP11, and the AscI site was added to the PCR primer WMS-FP11. Restriction enzyme sites were highlighted using underlines. *RT-PCR primers Actin-FP1 and Actin-RP1 worked on wheat and Brachypodium cDNA samples.

Example 1

Transcriptome Analysis Reveals a Gene Showing Anther-Specific Expression

RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) involves direct sequencing of cDNAs using high-throughput DNA sequencing technologies (Nagalakshmi et al., 2001). A RNA-seq approach was performed to reveal the anther-specific transcriptome in a pair of Ms2 isogenic lines, ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘LM15_(Ms2)’. The auricle distance between the flag and penultimate leaves was used as criteria for selecting anthers at the similar development stage. Anthers, pistils, and flag leaves were separately collected from a main stem or tiller on which an auricle distance reached four centimeters. For anthers, three replications were prepared for ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, respectively. For pistils, three replications were prepared by pooling equal amount of tissues from ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, as well as for flag leaves. Total RNAs were extracted using the Trizol method (Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y., USA) and submitted for RNA-seq provided by Berry Genomics Company (Beijing, China).

Sequencing libraries were prepared for an average insert size of 500 bp. Paired end (PE) sequencing was performed for two lanes of 125-base paired reads on HiSeq2500 (Illumina, San Diego, USA). Raw data were pre-processed using Trimmomatic (Bolger et al., 2014), and clean data were acquired after eliminating the adapter, low quality bases (half or more bases of a read with a quality value Q≤3), and unknown bases (unknown bases of a read >3%). de novo transcriptome assembly of clean data was performed using Trinity (Haas et al., 2013). Transcript abundance was estimated using RSEM (Li and Dewey, 2011), and differentially expressed transcripts/genes were identified using the edger program (Robinson et al., 2010). In general, many genes were associated with higher expression in anthers from ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ than in anthers from ‘Lumai 15’. In particular, an unknown gene (SEQ ID NO: 1) showed specific expression in ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, but undetectable in ‘Lumai 15’, which was hypothesized to confer wheat male sterility (WMS) in ‘LM15_(Ms2)’. The unknown gene, now designated as WMS, was chosen for functional analysis.

Example 2

Cloning of the Full-length cDNA of the WMS Gene

Total RNAs from anthers of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, an aliquot of RNAs submitted for RNA-seq, were used to prepare cDNAs using the RevertAid Frist Strand cDNA Synthesis Kit (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, Mass., USA). The 5′ and 3′ cDNA ends of the WMS gene (SEQ ID NO: 1) were identified from ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ by RACE PCR using the SMARTer RACE cDNA Amplification ket (Clontech Laboratories, Mountain View, Calif., USA). The 5′ RACE PCR involved the use of two WMS primers, WMS-RP1 and WMS-RP2, where WMS-RP2 was nested to WMS-RP1. The 3′ RACE PCR involved the use of another two WMS primers, WMS-FP1 and WMS-FP2, where WMS-FP2 was nested to WMS-FP1. Sequencing of the 5′ and 3′ RACE PCR products validated the full-length status of the WMS gene assembled during RNA-seq analysis. Accordingly, a full-length cDNA of WMS was cloned from ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ using the WMS primers, WMS-FP3 and WMS-FP3, which agreed to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. The 1,485-bp cDNA contains an 882-bp open reading frame (ORF). Two in-frame stop codons in the 5′ end of the cDNA proposed that the predicted ORF is reliable. In the present invention, the upstream region adjacent to the predicted start codon was considered as the promoter of the WMS gene.

Example 3

Construction of the Genomic BAC Library on ‘LM15_(Ms2)’

A bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was constructed for ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ using standard protocols (Luo and Wing, 2003; Shi et al., 2011). In brief, high-molecular weight (HMW) genomic DNA was extracted from leaf tissues, partially digested using the restriction enzyme HindIII, and separated on 1% agarose by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); DNA fragments in the range of 100-300 kb were recovered from the agarose gel, re-selected by running PFGE again, ligated into the BAC vector pIndigoBAC536-S which was opened by HindIII and dephosphorylated; the ligation product was transformed into the E coli DH10B T1 Phage-Resistant Cells (Invitrogene, Carlsbad, Calif., USA); transformants were selected on LB medium with 12.5 mg/L of chloramphenicol, 80 mg/L X-gal, 100 mg/L IPTG; white colonies were individually picked into 384-well microtiter plates.

As a result, 706,176 BAC clones were picked and arranged in 1,839 384-well plates (Table 2). Quality test on 337 randomly selected BAC clones revealed an average insert size of 124.6 kb and an empty rate of 0.50%. Therefore, the ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ BAC library represented a 5.5-fold coverage of the wheat genome (˜16 Gb).

TABLE 2 The BAC library of wheat ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ Plate Empty Insert Clone Genome Proportion Batch quan- Clones Rate size quan- cov- of library codes tity tested (%) (kb) tity erage (%) A 1,112 106 0.00 118.0 427,008 3.149 57.81 B 330 123 0.81 132.2 126,720 1.047 19.22 C 255 77 2.59 147.6  97,920 0.903 16.58 D 142 31 0.00 102.1  54,528 0.348 6.39 Total 1,839 337 0.50 124.6 706,176 5.5   100

Example 4

Screening and Sequencing of BAC clones of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’

A PCR-based screening procedure was developed for the ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ BAC library. The BAC library was first duplicated by inoculating a new set of 384-well plates, a primary plasmid pool was prepared from the culture of each duplicated plate using the ZR BAC DNA Miniprep Kit (Zymo Research Corporation, Irvine, Calif., U.S.A.), and a super plasmid pool was made by pooling equal amount of plasmid DNA from ten primary plasmid pools. In total, 1,839 primary plasmid pools were prepared, and 184 super plasmid pools were made.

In order to screen the BAC library, multiple PCR primers were designed matching the cDNA sequence of WMS gene (SEQ ID NO: 1), and were then tested whether they would work on genomic DNAs from ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘LM15_(Ms2)’. As a result, WMS-FP4 and WMS-RP4 amplified a single fragment in ‘Lumai 15’, but two fragments in ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, where the larger fragment of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ ran to the same level in 1% agarose gel as the fragment of ‘Lumai 15’ (FIG. 1). Apparently, the smaller fragment was specific to ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, most likely from the Ms2 region which leads to male sterility in ‘Taigu wheat’. Indeed, the smaller fragment cosegregated with male sterility in a large segregation population (ca. 5000 plants), for which the seeds were harvested from the male-sterile plants of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ that were pollinated by pollen grains from the male-fertile plants of ‘Lumai 15’, and the population segregated approximately half male-fertile and half male-sterile. Therefore, an exon-derived PCR marker, WMS-EM, was developed by using the WMS-FP4 and WMS-RP4 primers.

The WMS-EM marker was used to screen the super plasmid pools and then the primary plasmid pools of the ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ BAC library. Once a primary pool was identified, the BAC clone would be determined using the 384-well PCR. In total, three BAC clones were recovered (FIG. 2), including one clone giving smaller PCR product and two clones generating larger PCR product. Most likely, BAC clones (P89 and P1076) giving larger PCR product were generated from the 4D chromosome lacking the dominant Ms2 gene, while the BAC clone (P1593) giving smaller PCR product was generated from the 4D chromosome carrying the dominant Ms2 gene (FIG. 1). The WMS-EM marker of P1593 was completely linked to male sterility, suggesting a dominant WMS gene on P1593, while the WMS-EM marker of P89/P1076 did not show tight association with male sterility, suggesting a recessive wms gene on P89/P1076. All three BAC clones were chosen for next generation sequencing provided by the Berry Genomics Company. The raw sequence data was pre-processed by eliminating adapters, low quality bases (half or more bases of a read with a quality value Q≤5), and unknown bases (unknown bases of a read >10%). BAC vector (pIndigoBAC536-S) and E. coli. genomic DNA was de-contaminated using the cross match tool of the Phrap package (Ewing et al., 1998). de novo assembly of clean data was performed for different K-mer size (21-91) by the ABySS 1.5.2 program (Simpson et al., 2009). A K-mer value of 41 was chosen for sequence assembly, which corresponded to the best N50 value. Sequence analysis revealed that P89 and P1076 shared a 54,056 bp identical fragment, representing the same chromosome, but they were substantial polymorphisms between P89/P1076 and P1593. According to the WMS cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1), all three BACs contained a complete transcriptable region of the WMS/wms gene, the predicted WMS cDNA of P1593 was identical to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, but there were eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) between the predicted wms cDNA of P89/P1076 and the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In comparison, the wms gene in P89 and P1076 was complete with sequence information of promoter (SEQ ID NO: 3), but the WMS gene in P1593 was incomplete because it sited on one BAC end leading to an incomplete promoter (FIG. 2).

Therefore, multiple PCR primers were designed to match the wms promoter (SEQ ID NO: 3), and were then tested whether they would work on genomic DNAs from ‘Lumai 15’ and ‘LM15_(Ms2)’. As a result, WMS-FP5 and WMS-RP5 amplified two bands in ‘Lumai 15’, but three bands in ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, where the smaller fragment of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ ran to the same level in 1% agarose gel as the fragment of ‘Lumai 15’ (FIG. 1). Apparently, the larger fragment was specific to ‘LM15_(Ms2)’. Therefore, a promoter-derived PCR marker, WMS-PM, was developed by using the WMS-FP5 and WMS-RP5 primers. The WMS-PM marker was used to screen the ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ BAC library. An additional BAC clone P204 was identified (FIGS. 1 and 2), which was derived from the 4D chromosome with the dominant Ms2 gene. Again, the BAC clone P204 was sequenced and assembled, which shared a 1,212 bp overlap with the BAC clone P1593. In comparison, the wms gene (SEQ ID NO: 3) is 8,657 bp, but the corresponding sequence of the WMS gene is 10, 592 bp (SEQ ID NO: 4), the size difference is mainly due to the transposon insertions in the WMS promoter.

Example 5

Analysis of Tissue-Specific Expression of WMS Gene

Both reverse-transcription PCR (RT-PCR) and qRT-PCR were used to measure the mRNA level of WMS gene in each wheat tissue. RT-PCR involved the use of two WMS primers, WMS-FP6 and WMS-RP6, and two primers, Actin-FP1 and Actin-RP1, for the Actin control. qRT-PCR involved the use of two other WMS primers, WMS-FP7 and WMS-RP7, and two primers, Actin-FP2 and Actin-RP2, for the Actin control (Fu et al., 2007). The WMS gene was specifically expressed in wheat anthers, but not in other tissues such as glume, leaf, lemma, palea, pistil, root, and stem (FIG. 3A); the mRNA levels of WMS in the anther was 100 times more prominent than in any other tested tissues (FIG. 3B).

Example 6

Identification of the WMS Promoter

The DNA region upstream to the predicted start codon was analyzed by comparing these of the dominant WMS and recessive wms. To recover a functional promoter, a relatively long fragment (2 to 4 kb) is considered for plant genes, especially those unknown genes. In the present invention, a 3502 bp fragment (SEQ ID NO: 3) was considered as the promoter for the recessive wms gene in ‘Lumai 15’. The corresponding region of the dominant WMS gene from ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ was 5578 bp (SEQ ID NO: 4). The selected promoters of WMS and wms shared 2414 bp identical bases at the 5′ end, but the rest 1088 bp of the wms promoter displayed substantial variations when compared to the rest 3164 bp of the WMS promoter. The size increase in the WMS promoter was mainly caused by two transposon insertions of 275 bp and 1791 bp, respectively. Presumably, the 5578 bp upstream region of the WMS gene was thought to comprise the anther specific activity.

To verify the anther-specific activity of the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5), two plant expression constructs were prepared, including the destination vector PC613 and the GFP reporter construct PC966 (P_(WMS)::GFP) (FIG. 4A), here P_(WMS) represents the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5). The GFP gene in PC613 and PC966 was derived from pGWB4 (Nakagawa et al., 2007). Both PC613 and PC966 had the same plasmid backbone of pCAMBIA1300. The DNA linker between P_(WMS) and GFP was 5′-TAGGGAGAGGCGCGCCGACCCAGCTTTCTTGTACAAAGTGGTGATCATG-3′ (SEQ ID NO: 37), the 5′ bases TAGGGAG were derived from the end of the WMS promoter, and the 3′ end ATG stands for the start codon of GFP. PC613 and PC966 were bombarded into different floral origans (lemma, palea, pistil and anther) as instructed in Example 9. GFP fluorescence was observed under stereo fluorescence microscope three days post bombardment. GFP signals were detected in tissues bombarded with construct PC966 (P_(WMS)::GFP), especially in anther, but not in tissues bombarded with the construct PC613. Therefore, WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) in current innovation has promoter activity and can promote GFP expression in anther.

To perform genetic complementation (Example 9) and to validate the function of the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5), the WMS genomic allele (SEQ ID NO: 7) was cloned and used to assemble a plant expression construct PC976 (FIG. 4A). Vector construction and particle bombardment were performed as illustrated in Example 9. Both PC966 and PC976 utilized identical fragment of the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5). Tissue-specific expression of the WMS gene was documented in the transgenic wheat line ‘JZ7-2’ (Table 3), which involved the use of the WMS WMS primers, WMS-FP6 and WMS-RP6, and the Actin primers, Actin-FP1 and Actin-RP1. As a result, the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) of the current innovation conferred anther-specific expression of the WMS gene, but not in other tissues including leaf, stem, glume, lemma, palea and pistil (FIG. 4C). In conclusion, the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) has anther-specific expression activity.

Therefore, it is feasible to assemble an expression cassette containing the WMS promoter (SEQ ID NO: 5) and a target gene. The expression cassette, once introduced into plants (such as cereal crops, woods, vegetables and flowers), will confer anther-specific expression of the target gene. This will be important for generating male sterility and other important traits in plants.

Example 7

Development of the EMS Population of ‘Lumai 15_(RMs2)’

The mutant population of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’, containing 1, 200 WMS-positive M₁ plants, were created using the 87.4 μM solution of Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS; Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.). In brief, every 400 seeds (M₀) from the cross ‘LM15_(Ms2)’/‘Lumai 15’ were soaked in 100 ml of 87.4 μM EMS (0.9% in water, v/v), and were then incubated in a running shaker at 150 rpm and under 25° C. for 10 h. After the EMS treatment, seeds were washed under running water at room temperatures for 4 h. Mutagenized M₁ seeds were set on wet papers and maintained in a plastic box (length×width×height=40 cm×30 cm×20 cm) covered by plastic wrap, and then incubated under 25° C. and 16 h photoperiod for 8 d. Vigorous seedlings with roots were transplanted to soil and maintained in a cold room under 4° C. and 12 h photoperiod for 6 w. The vernalized M₁ plants were then maintained in a greenhouse under 25° C. and 16 h photoperiod. In greenhouse, only plants carrying a dominant WMS gene were maintained, but those lacking the dominant WMS were discarded, which generated a mutant population including 1200 WMS-containing M₁ plants.

Example 8

TILLING Screening of the WMS Mutation in EMS Population of ‘LM15_(Ms2)’

Because of the presence of a dominant WMS gene, all 1200 WMS-containing M₁ plants are supposed to be male-sterile. However, some mutations on the WMS gene are thought to abolish its function, causing a male-fertile characteristic. Therefore, the characteristics of male fertility/sterility were investigated in all spikes of the 1200 WMS-containing M₁ plants. Out of 3138 spikes inspected, twenty spikes displayed male-fertile phenotypes, characterized by regular anther, pollen dispersal, and seed setting (FIG. 5).

Genomic DNA was prepared from the main-stem associated flag leaf of the M₁ plants using the Sarkosyl method (Yuan et al., 2012). DNA concentrations were measured using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, Del., USA) and normalized to 100 ng μl⁻¹. Equal amount of DNAs were pooled fourfold and organized into 96-well format. DNA samples were also prepared from the flag leaves of main stems or tillers that produced male-fertile spikes. Each of these DNAs was pooled twofold with equal amount of genomic DNA from the wild type ‘LM15_(Ms2)’.

Total genomic DNA was extracted using the Sarkosyl method (Yuan et al., 2012). For all plants, a flag leaf segment (3-5 cm in length) of the primary tiller was used to prepare independent DNA samples. DNA concentration was measured by the ND2000 spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific, Wilmington, Del., USA) and was adjusted to 100 ng/μl using ddH₂O. Every four DNA samples were pooled together and stored in 96-well plates. For the twenty tillers/spikes showing male-fertile phenotype, their flag leaves were collected to prepare independent DNA samples. Once a male-fertile tiller happened to be a primary tiller, DNA sample of the primary tiller was used instead. Each DNA from a male-fertile tiller was then equally pooled with the DNA of wild type ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ and stored in 96-well plate as well.

A modified TILLING approach (Uauy et al., 2009) was used to detect induced mutations of the WMS gene. The polyacrylamide detection method involves a two-step screening approach. The first PCR screen involves two PCR reactions: 1) a long-range PCR was performed to amplify the WMS allele on all DNA pools using the KOD FX kit (Toyobo Co., Osaka, Japan); the PCR involved the use of the selective PCR primers, WMS-FP8 and WMS-RP10; the PCR was performed in a 50 μl mixes containing 1×PCR buffer (KOD-Plus-Neo), 1.5 mM MgSO₄, 0.2 mM each dNTP, 0.2 μM each primer, 200 ng genomic DNA, 1 U Taq polymerase (KOD-Plus-Neo), and ddH₂O; the PCR reactions were carried out under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94° C. for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 98° C. for 10 s, 60° C. for 30 s, and 68° C. 6 min, and a final extension at 68° C. for 10 min; the PCR product was diluted 500 times using ddH₂O and then used as the template for the next PCR; 2) the second PCR was performed in a 25 μl mixes containing 1×PCR buffer (1.5 mM MgCl₂, 0.2 mM each dNTP; Promega, Madison, USA), 0.2 μM each primers, 2 μl DNA template from the diluted PCR product, 1 U of Taq polymerase (Promega), and ddH₂O; the 5922 bp template was split into three fragments for amplification: the first fragment amplified with WMS-FP8 and WMS-RP8, the second fragment amplified with WMS-FP9 and WMS-RP9, and the third fragment amplified with WMS-FP10 and WMS-RP10; PCR reactions were carried out under the following conditions: initial denaturation at 94° C. for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles (94° C. for 30 s, 61° C. for 30 s, 72° C. for 90 s), and a final extension at 72° C. for 10 min A denaturing and re-annealing step is included at the end of the PCR reaction (99° C. for 10 min, 90 cycles of 72° C. for 20 s decreasing 0.3° C. per cycle) to allow the formation of heteroduplexes if a mutation is present in the pool.

After the re-annealing step, the PCR product was digested with celery juice extract (CJE) which was obtained using the protocol described by Till et al. (Till et al., 2006). The amount of CJE for heteroduplex-digestion was optimized as suggested by Uauy et al. (Uauy et al., 2009). The CJE reaction included: 14 μl PCR product, 1 μl CJE, 2 μl 10× digestion buffer (Till et al., 2006) and 3 μl ddH₂O for a final volume of 20 μl. The digestion was carried out at 45° C. for 30 min and stopped immediately by adding 5 μl EDTA (75 mM) per sample and mixing thoroughly. Five micro liters of bromophenol blue loading dye (6×) were added and about 24 μl reaction mix was loaded on a 3% polyacrylamide gel (19:1 Acrylamide:bis ratio). Positive pools were identified by detecting cleaved PCR products whose combined size was comparable to the intact PCR product. As for the twofold DNA pools, the presence of a cleaved PCR band indicated there is a point mutation in the PCR template of the selected DNA sample. As for the fourfold DNA pools, a cleaved PCR band indicated one DNA sample of the identified DNA pool must carry a point mutation in the PCR template, which can be identified in the second screen.

The second screen was performed to determine which individual DNA in the fourfold DNA pool actually carries the mutation. Each individual DNA was then pooled twofold with equal amount of genomic DNA from the wild type ‘LM15_(Ms2)’; these twofold DNA pools were then screened for cleaved products as discovered in the first screen.

To elucidate the base change, a regular PCR was performed on the selected individual DNA; the PCR product was sequenced to reveal the point mutation (FIG. 5). For male-fertile M₁ spikes, the identified point mutations were again confirmed in the M₂ plants.

TILLING screening revealed 35 mutants among 1200 primary tillers, while there were eight mutants among the 20 male-fertile tillers (FIG. 5). According to primary tillers, the mutation rate of WMS gene is about 2.92%. However, for the 20 male-fertile tillers, there were actually eight tillers carrying detectable mutations, and the 12 tillers likely had no mutations on the WMS gene. Given an independent status between WMS and male fertility (H₀ hypothesis), the population mutation rate (2.92%) would be used to calculate expected values for mutation and non-mutation among 20 male-fertile tillers, which are 0.58 and 19.42, respectively. However, the chi-square goodness-of-fit test rejected the null hypothesis (χ²=97.13, df=1, P=6.49E-23). Therefore, the WMS gene likely determines male sterility in Taigu wheat.

Example 9

Generation of Transgenic Bobwhite Using Biolistic Bombardment

In order to perform genetic complementation, a 10,592-bp genomic fragment (SEQ ID NO: 7) of the WMS gene was cloned from ‘LM15_(Ms2)’ using the KOD FX kit and two specific PCR primers WMS-FP11 and WMS-RP11. After cloning the PCR product to the entry and destination vectors, a plant expression construct (PC976) was prepared, which carried a BAR selection marker (FIG. 4A). BAC clones carrying the WMS gene were obtained in the current invention. It will be convenient to clone the WMS gene (SEQ ID NO: 7) from BAC clones of the current invention. For those who are interested in direct cloning from Taigu wheat, a back-to-back PCR (Vasl et al., 2004) will facilitate the amplification of the full-length WMS gene (SEQ ID NO: 7).

Protocols for the tissue culture and biolistic bombardment of wheat were adapted from previous studies (Weeks et al., 1993; Lv et al., 2014). Immature caryopses from T. aestivum cultivar ‘Bobwhite’ were harvested two weeks after anthesis, sterilized with 70% (v/v) ethanol containing 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 for 5 min, then with 20% (v/v) Clorox® bleach supplemented with 0.05% (v/v) Tween 20 for 15 min, and washed 3-5 times using sterile distilled water. Immature embryos (ca. 1 mm long) were isolated from the sterilized caryopses, placed with the scutellum facing upward on the dissection media (MS base 4.3 g/L, maltose 40 g/L, thiamine-HCl 0.5 mg/L, L-asparagine 0.15 g/L, 2,4-D 2 mg/L, CuSO₄ 0.78 mg/L, Phytagel 2.5 g/L, pH 5.8), and maintained for 4-6 days at 22-23° C. in the dark. Immature embryos were then treated for four hours on the high osmoticum media (MS base 4.3 g/L, maltose 40 g/L, sucrose 171.15 g/L, thiamine-HCl 0.5 mg/L, L-asparagine 0.15 g/L, 2,4-D 2 mg/L, CuSO₄ 0.78 mg/L, Phytagel 2.5 g/L, pH 5.8), and subjected to biolistic bombardment. Twenty hours after bombardment, immature embryos were transferred to recovery media (same as the dissection media), maintained for 2 weeks at 22-23° C. in the dark. Embryo-derived calli were moved to the regeneration media (a dissection media supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 6-BA and 3 mg/L bialaphos) and maintained for two weeks in the growth chamber (22-23° C., 16 h light/8 h dark, light intensity of 25 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Regenerated shoots (2-3 cm) were transferred to the rooting media (a half-strength dissection media supplemented with 3 mg/L bialaphos), and maintained under the same environmental condition as for regeneration. Vigorous shoots with well-developed roots were established in soil in the greenhouse.

The biolistic bombardment was performed using the PDS-1000/He Particle Delivery System (Bio-Rad Laboratories, USA). To prepare three bombardments, 2 mg of microcarriers (Gold particles of 0.6 μm in diameter; Bio-Rad, USA) were measured into a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, sterilized by mixing with 35 μl pure ethanol, recovered by spinning (12,000 rpm for 5 s) and removing the supernatant, rinsed in 200 μl ice-cold sterile distilled water, and collected by spinning and removing the supernatant. The pre-treated microcarriers were resuspended in 245 μl pre-chilled sterile water containing 20 μg plasmid DNA, and combined with another 250 μl pre-chilled CaCl₂ (2.5 M). Where required, solutions in the previous steps were mixed thoroughly by pipetting. The microcarrier suspension was then supplied with 50 μl pre-chilled spermidine solution (1.45%, v/v) and mixed immediately by vortexing in the cold room (4° C.) for 15-20 min. The plasmid-coated microcarriers were recovered by centrifugation (12,000 rpm for 10 s) and followed by removal of the supernatant, and finally resuspended in 36 μl pure ethanol. For each bombardment, 10 μl gold suspension was loaded to the center of a macrocarrier disk (Bio-Rad), air-dried in the laminar flow hood, and placed in the microcarrier launch assembly under the 1100 psi rupture discs. Sixty immature embryos arranged in a 3.5-cm diameter circle were placed 6-cm below the macrocarrier assembly. The PDS-1000/He System was operated according to the manufacturer's instruction. Bombardment conditions were 1,300 psi helium pressure and 25 mm Hg vacuum.

In total, 2742 wheat immature embryos were bombarded with the construct PC976, and 26 plants were regenerated each from an independent embryo (Table 3). In greenhouse, the putative transgenic plants were initially screened by testing their resistance to 0.3% (v/v) Finale® herbicide. At the stem extension stage, all tillers (one leaf perl tiller, 3 cm segment per leaf) were challenged by herbicide painting. Herbicide sensitivity was surveyed five days post painting. The painted region remained green and healthy on herbicide resistant tillers, but wilted on herbicide sensitive tillers. There were only five plants showing herbicide resistance (FIG. 6 and Table 3). At flowering stage, three plants were male sterile, and two of them were herbicide resistant as well (FIG. 6 and Table 3). The presence of the BAR selection marker and the WMS gene were then tested in putative transgenic plants using PCR primers BAR-FP1, BAR-RP1, WMS-FP8 and WMS-RP12. Seven plants were positive for both BAR and WMS genes (Table 3). RT-PCR was used to test the WMS transcription in young spikes, which involved the use of PCR primers WMS-FP6 and WMS-RP6 as for the WMS gene, and Actin-FP1 and Actin-RP1 for the internal control. The WMS cDNA was only detected in three male-sterile transgenic plants (FIG. 6). In conclusion, the introduction of the WMS genomic fragment (SEQ ID NO: 7) and the expression of WMS cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) led to male sterility in transgenic wheat. Therefore, the introduction of the WMS genomic fragment (SEQ ID NO: 7) or the WMS cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) under an approximate promoter into fertile plants (such as cereal crops, woods, flowers and vegetables) may generate male-sterile transgenic plants. This will greatly advance plant recurrent selection and hybrid seed production.

TABLE 3 Transgenic T₀ wheat plants for the WMS genee Plant Callus Herbicide BAR WMS WMS Male No. No. Painting gDNA gDNA cDNA Sterility JZ6-1 217 + + + + + JZ6-2 227 − − − − − JZ6-3 251 + + + − − JZ6-4 253 − − − − − JZ6-5 260 − − − − − JZ6-6 269 − − − − − JZ6-7 279 + + + + + JZ6-8 290 − − − − − JZ6-9 293 − − − − − JZ7-1 400 − − − − − JZ7-2 402 − + + + + JZ7-3 415 + + + − − JZ7-4 416 − − − − − JZ7-5 417 − − − − − JZ7-6 420 − − − − − JZ9-1 439 − − − − − JZ9-2 445 − − − − − JZ9-3 446 − − − − − JZ9-4 452 − − − − − JZ9-5 454 − − − − − JZ9-6 458 − − − − − JZ9-7 459 − − − − − JZ9-8 460 − − − − − JZ9-9 463 + + + − −  JZ9-10 464 − + + − −  JZ9-11 467 − − − − − Note: ‘+’ indicated herbicide resistant, BAR gene positive, WMS gene positive, WMS cDNA positive, and male sterile; ‘−’ indicated herbicide susceptible, BAR gene negative, WMS gene negative, WMS cDNA negative, and male fertile. Cells with a ‘+’ symbol were highlighted with gray shading. The number of plants positive for each investigated traits were highlighted in the subtotal rows.

Example 10

Generation of Transgenic Brachypodium Using Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation

The current invention also validated the WMS gene function in the model plant Brachypodium. The plant expression construct PC976 (FIG. 4A) was delivered into the Agrobacterium strain ‘AGL1’ by electroporation. Transgenic Brachypodium plants were obtained using an Agrobacterium-mediated protocol (Bragg et al., 2012).

To prepare bacterium inocula, the Agrobacterium AGL1 carrying the construct PC976 was streaked on solid MG/L medium (Tryptone 5 g/L, Yeast extract 2.5 g/L, NaCl 5 g/L, D-Mannitol 5 g/L, MgSO4 0.1 g/L, K2HPO4 0.25 g/L, L-Glutamic acid 1.2 g/L, Agar power 15 g/L, PH 7.2) supplemented with appropriate antibiotics (kanamycin 50 mg/L, carbenicillin 100 mg/L, and rifampicin 40 mg/L), incubated for two days at 28° C. in dark, harvested by scraping Agrobacterium colonies off the MG/L medium, and resuspended to an OD₆₀₀ of 0.6 in the liquid CIM.

Immature seeds were collected from B. distachyon accession ‘Bd21-3’ at the seed-filling stage, sterilized in 10% (v/v) Clorox® bleach supplemented with 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100 for 4 minutes, and rinsed 3 times using sterile water. Immature embryos (0.3-0.7 mm long) were isolated from sterilized seeds, placed with the scutellum facing upwards on the callus initiation media (CIM: LS base 4.43 g/L, GuSO₄ 0.6 mg/L, Sucrose 30 g/L, 2,4-D 2.5 mg/L, Phytagel 2 g/L, PH 5.8), and incubated at 28° C. in dark. Four weeks later, calli became visible due to the proliferation of the scutellum; only the yellowish embryogenic calli were picked for subculture and Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.

Embryogenic calli were infected for 5 minutes by submerging in the fresh Agrobacterium inocula that contained 200 μM acetosyringone and 0.1% (w/v) synperonic PE/F68, dried on filter papers to remove free inoculum suspension, and incubated on three layers of filter paper for 3 days at 22° C. in dark. After the co-cultivation, calli were first maintained on the CIM media supplemented with 150 mg/L timentin and 40 mg/L hygromycin for one week at 28° C. in dark, and then subcultured for two more weeks. Vigorous calli were transferred to the regeneration media (Bragg et al., 2012) (LS base 4.43 g/L, GuSO₄ 0.6 mg/L, maltose 30 g/L, kinetin 0.2 mg/L, Phytagel 2 g/L, PH 5.8) that contained 150 mg/L timentin and 40 mg/L hygromycin, and maintained at 28° C. in LD conditions (16 hours light/8 hour dark, light intensity of 20 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹). When regenerated shoots reached 1-2 cm, they were transferred to the rooting media (Bragg et al., 2012) (MS base with vitamin 4.42 g/L, sucrose 30 g/L, Phytagel 2 g/L, PH 5.8) that contained 150 mg/L timentin, and maintained under the same condition as in the regeneration step. Once the regenerated shoots developed healthy roots (2-3 cm), they were established in soil in the greenhouse.

In total, 100 calli were infected by the Agrobacterium strain ‘AGL1’ with PC976. Eleven plants were recovered from eight independent calli (Table 4). In greenhouse, the putative transgenic plants were initially screened by testing their resistance to 0.3% (v/v) Finale® herbicide. At the three leaf stage (ca. 10 cm high), all tillers (one leaf perl tiller, 1 cm segment per leaf) were challenged by herbicide painting. Herbicide sensitivity was surveyed five days post painting. The painted region remained green and healthy on herbicide resistant tillers, but wilted on herbicide sensitive tillers. There were ten plants showing herbicide resistance (FIG. 7 and Table 4). At flowering stage, ten plants were male sterile, and they were also herbicide resistant (FIG. 7 and Table 4). The presence of the BAR selection marker and the WMS gene were then tested in putative transgenic plants using PCR primers BAR-FP1, BAR-RP1, WMS-FP8 and WMS-RP12. All ten plants were positive for both BAR and WMS genes (Table 4). RT-PCR was used to test the WMS transcription in young spikes, which involved the use of PCR primers WMS-FP6 and WMS-RP6 as for the WMS gene, and Actin-FP1 and Actin-RP1 for the internal control. The WMS cDNA was detected in the ten male-sterile transgenic plants (FIG. 7, Table 4). Taken together, among 11 putative transgenic plants, ten plants were herbicide resistant, positive for both BAR and WMS transgenes, positive for the WMS cDNA, and male-sterile. While there was only one plant being herbicide sensitive, lacking both BAR and WMS transgenes, negative for the WMS cDNA, and be male fertile. Therefore, the genomic fragment of WMS (SEQ ID NO: 7) is potent to induce male sterility in Brachypodium.

Again, the introduction of the WMS genomic fragment (SEQ ID NO: 7) or the WMS cDNA (SEQ ID NO: 1) under an approximate promoter into fertile plants (such as cereal crops, woods, flowers and vegetables) may generate male-sterile transgenic plants. This will greatly advance plant recurrent selection and hybrid seed production.

TABLE 4 Transgenic T₀ Brachypodium plants for the WMS genee Plant Callus Herbicide BAR WMS WMS Male No. No. Painting gDNA gDNA cDNA Sterility 22-1 22-1 − − − − − 22-2 22-2 + + + + + 22-7 22-7 + + + + + 22-8 22-8 + + + + + 22-9 22-9 + + + + + 22-5A 22-5 + + + + + 22-5B 22-5 + + + + + 22-6A 22-6 + + + + + 22-6B 22-6 + + + + + 22-12A  22-12 + + + + + 22-12B  22-12 + + + + + Note: ‘+’ indicated herbicide resistant, BAR gene positive, WMS gene positive, WMS cDNA positive, and male sterile; ‘−’ indicated herbicide susceptible, BAR gene negative, WMS gene negative, WMS cDNA negative, and male fertile. Cells with a ‘+’ symbol were highlighted with gray shading. The number of plants positive for each investigated traits were highlighted in the subtotal rows. 

Having described the inventions, the following is claimed:
 1. A vector comprising the isolated DNA of any one of the following (a) to (g): (a) a cDNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the cDNA encodes a protein which induces wheat male sterility; (b) a DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; (c) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; (d) a DNA encoding a protein which induces wheat male sterility wherein the protein comprises an amino acid sequence with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; (e) a DNA that encodes a protein which induces wheat male sterility and hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 6, (f) a DNA encoding an antisense RNA that is complementary to the transcription product of the DNA of SEQ ID NOs: 1 or 6, and (g) a DNA encoding an RNA that comprises ribozyme activity that specifically cleaves the transcription product of the DNA of SEQ ID NOs: 1 or
 6. 2. The vector of claim 1, the isolated DNA being selected from the group consisting of: (a) the cDNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1; (b) the DNA encoding the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; (c) the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6; (d) the DNA encoding a protein which induces wheat male sterility wherein the protein comprises an amino acid sequence with a sequence identity of at least 90% to the entire amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; and (e) the DNA that encodes a protein which induces wheat male sterility and hybridizes under highly stringent conditions to the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1 or
 6. 3. The isolated DNA of claim 1, wherein the vector further comprises a DNA of any one of the following (a) to (c) that comprises anther-specific promoter activity: (a) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; (b) a DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence with a sequence identity at least 90% to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; and (c) a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 5. 4. A plant cell transformed with the DNA of claim
 1. 5. The plant cell of claim 4, the vector further comprises a DNA of any one of the following (a) to (c) that comprises anther-specific promoter activity: (a) a DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; (b) a DNA comprising a nucleotide sequence with a sequence identity at least 90% to the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5; and (c) a DNA that hybridizes under stringent conditions to the DNA comprising the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 5. 6. The transformed plant comprising the transformed plant cell of claim
 4. 7. A seed, tissue, organ, clone, or offspring of the transformed plant of claim
 6. 